You don't need to use logs, that's just silly. It boils down to the same thing in the end anyway (of course), you just use the root...
Suppose a and b are given and you need to solve for x:
x^a = b
Then x = b^(1/a).
In case a = 2, everyone knows this. If x^2 = b, then x = sqrt(b) = b^(1/2). Give or take a minus sign.
It's the same when a is not 2, you just take the 'a'th root instead of the square root.
Now logs...
You correctly state that
log(b) / log(x) = a.
But how does that help? Let's calculate...
And we get exactly the same result... So, useless, don't use logs
As for x^7 = 16384, the answer x = 4 is not the only answer, there are 6 more answers, but they are all complex:
