If you download 1.5, 1.6, or 1.7 from:

http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html

on the first page of Appendix C, it states:

PDF itself has one architectural limit: Because ten digits are allocated to byte offsets,
the size of a file is limited to 1010 bytes (approximately 10 gigabytes).
and yet, on the next page, the largest scalar 10 digit type is Integer:

integer 2,147,483,647 Largest integer value; equal to 231−1.
So, if a PDF is near 10 gig, and its xref table has a position near 10 gig, how could it possibly be read by an integer???