You should use the ExtractAssociatedIcon Win32 API function:
Code:
Option Explicit

Private Declare Function ExtractAssociatedIcon Lib "shell32.dll" Alias "ExtractAssociatedIconA" (ByVal hInst As Long, ByVal lpIconPath As String, lpiIcon As Long) As Long
Private Declare Function DrawIcon Lib "user32" (ByVal hDC As Long, ByVal x As Long, ByVal y As Long, ByVal hIcon As Long) As Long

Private Sub cmdSetIcon_Click()
    Dim hIcon As Long
    
    ' Extract icon from Notepad.exe
    hIcon = ExtractAssociatedIcon(0, "Notepad.exe", 0)
    If hIcon = 0 Then Exit Sub
    
    ' Draw it in the PictureBox, picIcon
    Call DrawIcon(picIcon.hDC, 0, 0, hIcon)
End Sub
VBBrowser v2.2.1
By the way, this function is incorrectly declared in the API viewer