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What is one of the fundamental cornerstones of freedom? That's right, trial by jury. Trial by jury has been around far longer than the Constitution; it was invented by the Anglo Saxons a thousand years ago.
You assume that 12 randomly chosen citizens will not be your "peers." The peers portion of their makeup is secondary, by "peer" we really mean, ordinary citizen, not a member or extension of the government.
But the absolutely critical piece is not that they are peers, it is that they are randomly selected. This is the critical thing to understand, because randomly selected juries are the crucial check against the tyranny of law, and in this country, the tyranny of the majority.
First, you have to understand one thing about juries. When you are on a jury, regardless of what the judge may tell you (we'll get to this point later), it is your duty not just to simply rule on the facts of the case, but also to rule on the very law itself. Think about that. You cannot in good conscience convict a person of violating a law that you find unjust. Period. Do not let anyone tell you otherwise. If the law is ****, you must acquit.
Throughout history, this is how bad laws have been overturned. A perfect example is the runaway slave laws in free states. Prior to the Civil War, man non-slave states had Fugitive Slave Laws that required runaway slaves caught in their borders be returned to their masters in slave states, and that citizens caught sheltering them or helping them make their way to states without fugitive slave laws were criminals, and subject to prosecution, imprisonment, and fines. And many were prosecuted.
But here's the kicker: the prosecutors couldn't get convictions. Approximately 25% of the population were Abolishonists. That meant that any randomly selected jury of 12 was virtually guaranteed to have 2 or 3 abolishonists, and they would hang the jury. Because the law was bad. Eventually, the prosecutors, worried about not maintaining their high conviction rates, stopped prosecuting the "crime" of helping runaway slaves. The law effectively died. It did not even have to be repealed, though in some places they were. It just went unenforced. Acquittal by jury carries no weight of law or precedent, but eventually those shoddy laws that fail its test eventually wither away.
This is called jury nullification, and it is critical to freedom. Think about it. What this means is that the majority cannot oppress the minority, if the system works as it is intended to. It may take only 51% to pass a law binding the other 49%, but do you think that randomly selected juries of twelve people would ever be able to convict on a law that around 6 members didn't agree with? Never!
In fact, it takes a greater majority than even an 11-to-1 ratio (91% majority) for a law to survive jury nullification. You could expect each jury to have 1 opposition member in that scenario. Some will have none and will convict, but most will have at least one or more, and will hang. I typed "acquit" here at first, it's not, it's a hung jury. But the effect is the same.
So in this system, where the overwhelming majority of people agree on crimes such as murder, rape, and armed robbery, the perpetrators of these crimes, if the evidence supports their guilt, will always be convicted. However, perpetrators of such "crimes" as smoking a joint, which has been done by 40% of the population, would virtually never be convicted, regardless of what the law states or what evidence is presented, and the law will fail.
This is not jurors acting rashly or improperly, it is their solemn duty and responsibility. You cannot convict someone of a crime that your conscience dictates is not a criminal act. This has been the basis of trial by jury for a thousand years.
Another case in point. Prohibition. Why do you think prohibition was repealed? Was it because the politicians finally saw the light, saw the crime they had created, the death and misery they had wrought?
Nope.
It was the people. The people on the juries. With greater and greater frequency, they refused to convict on "alcohol related charges." By 1928, prosecutors could not buy a conviction. Because the population knew in their hearts that there is nothing wrong with having a beer, or a glass of wine, or a shot of whiskey, nor with selling any of these. It's really funny; you see this lack of convictions portrayed nowadays as organized criminals paying off the jury (imagine "The Untouchables"), but it was really just jury nullification of an evil and oppressive law. Eventually Congress smelled the way the wind was blowing, and finally repealed the 19th amendment in 1933.
But wait . . . if this is all true, why then are our prisons overflowing with non-violent drug offenders? Why do we have to parole serial killers and most rapists to make room for those who smoke or sell pot, when 40% of the population has done so?