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Producing hydrogen from biomass involves either biological or chemical conversion of the biomass. The biological process generally involves a number of stages to produce a hydrocarbon from which hydrogen is extracted. The hydrocarbon is produced by anaerobic digestion while the hydrogen extraction typically involves steam reforming. This last part of the process is the main hurdle for biological processes because steam reforming requires large mounts of energy that make the process uneconomical. Generally, biomass is considered to be a distributed energy source, produced and processed close to where it is harvested. Small-scale steam reforming becomes very costly because of inability to recover the heat from the steam, and the dominance of capital outlay costs for the reformer. Chemical conversion of biomass, besides being expensive, produces emissions in the form of tars, phenols and acids. Candidate biomass materials include: a) crops grown specifically to generate hydrogen; b) animal wastes; c) human wastes of which sewage and industrial wastes from foods or chemical processes are a possibility. The key to improving efficiency was felt to lie in shortening the lifecycle of candidate biomass materials.
Source : Hydrogen Workshop