I found it! It is multilingual codepage PC-850 aka CP-850:
http://www.nefec.org/UPM/spc850.htm
I now know how to get the correct Unicode character codes (UTF-16) for the characters, but I don't (yet) know of any font that could be used to display the results correctly.
Edit!
Here you can find a Terminal font. Just install the font from New850.zip and then Terminal supports CP-850:
http://www.uwe-sieber.de/dosfon_e.html
I don't know how exactly the change triggered, though. Also some special letters appear to be missing, I'm not sure why. Probably the font doesn't support them.