"Cost" of calling a function

[szlamany]

I am curious what the physical "cost" is of calling a function. What really happens to memory when that function is called.

Let's say I've got a complicated loop running in code - and I want to take the "contents" of that loop logic and put it in another C++ function.

If the "variables" and what-not (I've got large arrays and "strings" passed from "managed" code here as well) are all passed by REFERENCE - so no memory is copied for that what is other costs involved?

Is there a GOSUB-like or JSB-like statement in C++ that could help me visually organize this code without incurring the cost of calling functions??